\nSe \u015ftie c\u0103, foarte adesea, fabricarea unei monede cost\u0103 mai mult dec\u00e2t valoarea ei nominal\u0103. Pare paradoxal: se poate deduce c\u0103 statul pierde bani produc\u00e2nd bani. \u00cens\u0103 valoarea real\u0103 a monedei este mai mare dec\u00e2t cea nominal\u0103. Pe de-o parte, pentru c\u0103 suprim\u0103 un lan\u0163 interminabil \u015fi costisitor de schimburi-barter – dar aici este mult\u0103 istorie, iar \u00een teoria (\u015fi nici m\u0103car \u00een practica) banilor nu sunt competent.<\/p>\n
\nPe de alt\u0103 parte, moneda respectiv\u0103 vine s\u0103 consolideze un lan\u0163 al \u00eencrederii. Trebuie s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eencred \u00een comerciant c\u0103 \u00eemi va schimba moneda pe ce vreau eu, trebuie s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eencred \u00een banca la care-o depun c\u0103 mi-o va restitui, trebuie s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eencred \u00een asigurator c-o va investi cu folos, trebuie s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eencred \u00een banca central\u0103 c\u0103 nu mi-o va dr\u0103mui prin politici proaste, trebuie s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eencred \u00een stat c\u0103 va reglementa inteligent tot sistemul. Banii actuali, conven\u0163ionali, zi\u015fi \u015fi \u201ebani fiat\u201e, se bazeaz\u0103 pe \u00eencredere.<\/p>\n
\nCe se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 c\u00e2nd lan\u0163ul \u00eencrederii se rupe? S-a rupt de cur\u00e2nd \u00een Cipru \u015fi a explodat o moned\u0103 alternativ\u0103, numit\u0103 Bitcoin, iar \u00eentreaga pres\u0103 a erupt \u00een articole despre aceast\u0103 moned\u0103 digital\u0103 (agita\u0163ia mediatic\u0103 e important\u0103 \u00een acest caz).<\/p>\n
\nDesigur, Bitcoin nu este nici prima, nici singura moned\u0103 virtual\u0103 – de exemplu, Second Life dispune de propria moned\u0103, la fel ca \u015fi World of Warcraft, chiar \u015fi creditele Facebook sunt tot un soi de bani virtuali. Toate exemplele vizeaz\u0103 sisteme de pl\u0103\u0163i limitate la o anumit\u0103 platform\u0103, \u00een vreme ce Bitcoin este un sistem deschis \u015fi global.<\/p>\n
\nAlta este \u00eens\u0103 caracteristica principal\u0103 a Bitcoin. Spre deosebire de banii conven\u0163ionali (\u015fi chiar de banii din Second Life \u015fi ceilal\u0163i), aceast\u0103 moned\u0103 virtual\u0103 se fundamenteaz\u0103 pe ne\u00eencredere – \u00een spe\u0163\u0103 pe ne\u00eencre-derea \u00een \u00eentreaga lume financiar\u0103, iar anul \u00een care a ap\u0103rut explic\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 multe cuvinte motivul: 2009 (deci cur\u00e2nd dup\u0103 declan\u015farea crizei financiare globale).<\/p>\n
\nInventatorul conceptului, Satoshi Nakamoto, a publicat \u00een 2008 un articol \u00eentr-un forum de criptografie \u00een care descria protocolul pe care urma s\u0103 se bazeze Bitcoin, dar \u201epersoana\u201e sa este \u00eenv\u0103luit\u0103 \u00een mister. Este cu siguran\u0163\u0103 un pseudonim \u015fi nici m\u0103car nu se \u015ftie dac\u0103 este o persoan\u0103 sau un grup \u00een ciuda investiga\u0163iilor f\u0103cute de New Yorker \u015fi Fast Company.<\/p>\n
\nTehnic vorbind, Bitcoin este de fapt o re\u0163ea peer-to-peer (cam ca acelea de partajare a fi\u015fierelor) care func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 pe baza protocolului Bitcoin, este complet descentralizat\u0103 \u015fi asigur\u0103 printr-un sistem criptografic asimetric (cu chei publice \u015fi private) at\u00e2t siguran\u0163a tranzac\u0163iilor, c\u00e2t \u015fi anonimatul utilizatorilor. At\u00e2t protocolul, c\u00e2t \u015fi programul client sunt open source \u015fi oricine poate verifica algoritmii \u015fi modul de func\u0163ionare.<\/p>\n
\nNu exist\u0103 nicio autoritate central\u0103 \u015fi oricine poate participa gratuit printr-un program client. Un utilizator \u00ee\u015fi poate genera oric\u00e2te perechi de chei, fiecare pereche fiind echivalent\u0103 cu un cont, unde cheia public\u0103 func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 ca adres\u0103, iar cheia privat\u0103 ca semn\u0103tur\u0103. Tranzac\u0163iile sunt distribuite \u015fi sunt procesate de o serie de noduri ale re\u0163elei numite \u201emineri\u201e, care trebuie s\u0103 aplice for\u0163a brut\u0103 (deci o imens\u0103 putere computa\u0163ional\u0103) pentru a valida o tranzac\u0163ie.<\/p>\n
\nDe altfel, minerii concureaz\u0103 \u00eentre ei, deoarece fiecare bloc de tranzac\u0163ii este recompensat prin posibilitatea de a emite Bitcoini \u015fi, eventual, prin contribu\u0163ii voluntare. Tranzac\u0163iile validate sunt apoi publicate, iar programul client \u201eculege\u201e sumele primite. \u00cen tot procesul nu intervin dec\u00e2t numere, dar Bitcoinii pot fi schimba\u0163i \u00een bani conven\u0163ionali (rata de schimb este variabil\u0103) sau pot fi utiliza\u0163i pentru pl\u0103\u0163i \u00een numeroase magazine care accept\u0103 moneda virtual\u0103.<\/p>\n
\nDe\u015fi pare perfect, Bitcoin are dou\u0103 neajunsuri. Primul este c\u0103 rata de schimb este influen\u0163at\u0103 major de expunerea mediatic\u0103. Al doilea este c\u0103 emisia de Bitcoini este controlat\u0103 de protocol, pentru a preveni infla\u0163ia, dar este descresc\u0103toare \u015fi finit\u0103.<\/p>\n
\nPe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce emisia va sc\u0103dea \u015fi cererea va cre\u015fte, se va produce fenomenul numit hiperdefla\u0163ie, care este mult mai rea dec\u00e2t hiperinfla\u0163ia \u015fi va distruge re\u0163eaua. Dar p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci lumea va \u00eenv\u0103\u0163a o lec\u0163ie important\u0103 \u015fi poate un sistem mai bun va fi inventat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Probabil c\u0103 Ciprul va fi salvat, \u00eens\u0103 \u00eencrederea oamenilor \u00een b\u0103nci a primit o grea lovitur\u0103. \u015ei, ca \u00eentotdeauna, alternativa a fost repede g\u0103sit\u0103: monedele virtuale Bitcoin \u015fi-au triplat valoarea \u015fi, astfel, circa un miliard de dolari se plimb\u0103 printr-o re\u0163ea peer-to-peer care evit\u0103 toate circuitele financiare.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[529],"tags":[7267,82,17224,11056,32506,10595,25122,16610,6266,24946,31857,7543,10923,465,9638],"class_list":["post-80604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-opinii","tag-banci","tag-bani","tag-evitare","tag-financiar","tag-gasire","tag-incredere","tag-lovitura","tag-monede","tag-oameni","tag-plimbare","tag-primire","tag-retea","tag-salvare","tag-valoare","tag-virtual"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80604","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=80604"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80604\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":93680,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80604\/revisions\/93680"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=80604"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=80604"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=80604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}