{"id":237343,"date":"2025-06-10T17:33:15","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T17:33:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/?p=237343"},"modified":"2025-06-10T17:33:15","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T17:33:15","slug":"opinie-valentin-lazea-economist-sef-bnr-reinventarea-rotii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/?p=237343","title":{"rendered":"Opinie Valentin Lazea, economist \u015fef BNR: Reinventarea ro\u0163ii"},"content":{"rendered":"<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nDiscu\u0163iile recente privind m\u0103surile de reducere a deficitului bugetar au pus pe tapet o serie de solu\u0163ii \u201eoriginale\u201d, pu\u0163in sau deloc \u00eencercate \u00een alte state ale Uniunii Europene.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\n\u00cen c\u0103utarea de noi surse de venituri la buget, responsabilii politici au propus impozite nestandard precum taxa de solidaritate sau taxa pe tranzac\u0163ii financiar-bancare, acestea al\u0103tur\u00e2ndu-se altor g\u0103selni\u0163e deja \u00een vigoare, precum taxa pe st\u00e2lp. Astfel de inven\u0163ii, cu randament incert, nu fac dec\u00e2t s\u0103 enerveze sectoarele \u015fi grupurile sociale c\u0103rora li se aplic\u0103. &nbsp;Un alt aspect demn de men\u0163ionat este c\u0103, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 faptul c\u0103 se inventeaz\u0103 noi impozite, modific\u0103rile fiscale sunt foarte dese. Astfel, conform studiului \u201eModific\u0103rile noului Cod fiscal: inventar \u015fi impact (2015-2023)\u201d, elaborat de The Tax Institute, \u00een perioada men\u0163ionat\u0103 au fost introduse \u00een fiscalitate 554 de modific\u0103ri prin 107 acte normative (Legi, OG, OUG). Mult mai simplu ar fi de replicat sistemul fiscal din alte state \u00een tranzi\u0163ie, care au \u00eenregistrat succese \u00een stabilizarea macroeconomic\u0103.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nUn astfel&nbsp; de stat ar fi Polonia, care nu este foarte diferit\u0103 de Rom\u00e2nia \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte tabloul macroeconomic (Tabel 1).<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/storage0.dms.mpinteractiv.ro\/media\/401\/341\/5531\/22828930\/2\/screenshot-2025-06-10-161944.png?height=285&#038;width=640\" style=\"width: 640px; height: 285px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\n<img 0.3s=\"\" 06=\"\" 2025=\"\" 2x.png=\"\" 40px=\"\" alignnone=\"\" border:=\"\" display:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" height:=\"\" https:=\"\" margin:=\"\" max-width:=\"\" opacity=\"\" opiniibnr.ro=\"\" padding:=\"\" size-full=\"\" tabel1-300x132.png=\"\" tabel1.png=\"\" transition:=\"\" uploads=\"\" vertical-align:=\"\" will-change:=\"\" wp-content=\"\" \/>Desigur, s-ar putea obiecta c\u0103,&nbsp; dac\u0103&nbsp; Rom\u00e2nia ar colecta TVA mult mai bine (cu 2% din&nbsp; PIB \u00een plus), s-ar putea apropia de nivelul deficitului bugetar din Polonia. Dar chiar \u015fi \u00een acest scenariu optimist (\u015fi la care nu se poate ajunge pe termen scurt), tot ar r\u0103m\u00e2ne o diferen\u0163\u0103 notabil\u0103: statul polonez func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 cu venituri bugetare de circa 42% din PIB \u015fi cu cheltuieli de circa 48% din PIB, \u00een timp ce statul rom\u00e2n func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 cu venituri bugetare de circa 33% din PIB \u015fi cu cheltuieli de circa 42% din PIB.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nCapacitatea fiscal\u0103 mai mare a statului polonez explic\u0103, printre altele, de ce:<\/p>\n<ul 0px=\"\" 1.65em=\"\" border:=\"\" box-sizing:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" list-style:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding-left:=\"\" padding-right:=\"\" pt=\"\" vertical-align:=\"\">\n<li 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nPolonia este stat membru al OECD, \u00een timp ce Rom\u00e2nia \u00eenc\u0103 nu este;<\/li>\n<li 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nPolonia \u00ee\u015fi permite cheltuieli de ap\u0103rare de peste 4% din PIB, iar Rom\u00e2nia de-abia trece de 2% din PIB;<\/li>\n<li 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nPolonia se bucur\u0103 de un rating de A- din partea agen\u0163iilor Standars &#038; Poors \u015fi Fitch, cu trei trepte peste ratingul BBB- atribuit Rom\u00e2niei etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nDin punct de vedere structural \u015fi cultural, diferen\u0163a de capacitate fiscal\u0103 dintre Polonia \u015fi Rom\u00e2nia se poate explica prin aceea c\u0103 acolo contractul social nescris dintre cet\u0103\u0163eni \u015fi stat func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00een dublu sens mult mai bine: cet\u0103\u0163enii sunt de acord s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 sume mai mari c\u0103tre buget din veniturile proprii, con\u015ftien\u0163i fiind c\u0103 \u015fi statul va furniza servicii sociale mai multe \u015fi mai de calitate. Dar aceasta \u0163ine de educa\u0163ia de baz\u0103, primit\u0103 din familie \u015fi din \u015fcoal\u0103, a tuturor celor implica\u0163i.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nDac\u0103 alegem Polonia ca model pentru sistemul de impozitare, observ\u0103m, pe baza compara\u0163iei prezentate \u00een anex\u0103, faptul c\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia impoziteaz\u0103 mai pu\u0163in at\u00e2t capitalul, munca, c\u00e2t \u015fi consumul.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\n\u00cen ce prive\u015fte&nbsp;<strong border:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" vertical-align:=\"\">impozitul pe profit<\/strong>, cota standard a acestuia este de 19% \u00een Polonia, fa\u0163\u0103 de 16% \u00een Rom\u00e2nia.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\n<strong border:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" vertical-align:=\"\">Impozitul pe salarii<\/strong>&nbsp;este de 12% \u00een Polonia pentru salariile mici, dar 32% pentru salariile ce dep\u0103\u015fesc 10.000 zlo\u0163i\/lun\u0103, comparativ cu 10% pentru toate salariile din Rom\u00e2nia.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\n<strong border:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" vertical-align:=\"\">Dividendele<\/strong>&nbsp;sunt taxate cu 19% \u00een Polonia f\u0103r\u0103 deduceri, \u015fi cu doar 10% (sau mai pu\u0163in) \u00een Rom\u00e2nia.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\n<strong border:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" vertical-align:=\"\">Contribu\u0163iile sociale totale (angajat + angajator)<\/strong>&nbsp;sunt de 43% \u00een Polonia, fa\u0163\u0103 de 37,75% \u00een Rom\u00e2nia.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nCea mai important\u0103 tax\u0103 pe consum,&nbsp;<strong border:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" vertical-align:=\"\">TVA<\/strong>, are cota standard de 23% \u00een Polonia, fa\u0163\u0103 de 19% \u00een Rom\u00e2nia.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nToate exemplele de mai sus arat\u0103 c\u0103 fiscalitatea din Rom\u00e2nia este departe de a fi excesiv\u0103, la orice analiz\u0103 obiectiv\u0103 \u015fi nepartizan\u0103. Problema este c\u0103 \u00een \u0163ara noastr\u0103 avem rareori parte de analize obiective, \u00eentruc\u00e2t chiar cei presupu\u015fi a le face , anali\u015ftii economici, ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 cel ai adesea ca lobby pentru sectorul de afaceri.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nLa final, o constatare: taxa de solidaritate, care este ast\u0103zi printre propuneri, nu este altceva dec\u00e2t impozitul progresiv, cu un alt nume. Dac\u0103 pentru urechile rom\u00e2nilor taxa de solidaritate sun\u0103 mai bine dec\u00e2t impozitul progresiv, este \u00een regul\u0103. S\u0103 ne amintim c\u0103, \u00eentr-o form\u0103 sau alta, el exist\u0103 \u00een cele mai liberale economii, inclusiv \u00een Mare Britanie din 1842 \u015fi \u00een SUA din 1862.<\/p>\n<p 0px=\"\" border:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" margin:=\"\" padding:=\"\" pt=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" vertical-align:=\"\">\nConcluzion\u00e2nd, ar fi (fost) de dorit ca Rom\u00e2nia s\u0103 \u00eentreprind\u0103 mai pu\u0163ine experimente \u00een materie de fiscalitate \u015fi s\u0103 adopte modele care au func\u0163ionat cu succes \u00een alt\u0103 parte.<\/p>\n<div>\n&nbsp;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discu\u0163iile recente privind m\u0103surile de reducere a deficitului bugetar au pus pe tapet o serie de solu\u0163ii \u201eoriginale\u201d, pu\u0163in sau deloc \u00eencercate \u00een alte state ale Uniunii Europene. \u00cen c\u0103utarea de noi surse de venituri la buget, responsabilii politici au propus impozite nestandard precum taxa de solidaritate sau taxa pe tranzac\u0163ii financiar-bancare, acestea al\u0103tur\u00e2ndu-se altor [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[510],"tags":[185,13726,87,4466],"class_list":["post-237343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-actualitate","tag-bnr","tag-economist","tag-opinie","tag-sef"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/237343","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=237343"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/237343\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=237343"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=237343"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=237343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}