\nElizabeth I \u00eencepe \u00een 1560 o reform\u0103 monetar\u0103 menit\u0103 s\u0103 cure\u0163e sistemul de multele tipuri de monede care circulau. Ac\u0163iunea s-a derulat sub supravegherea lui Thomas Gresham, care a devenit celebru at\u00e2t printr-o lege (\u201cMoneda rea alung\u0103 din circula\u0163ie moneda bun\u0103\u201d), c\u00e2t \u015fi prin faptul c\u0103 a \u00eentemeiat bursa londonez\u0103 – Royal Exchange. Apar tot mai multe b\u0103nci (Amsterdam, Bank of Middelburg, Hamburg Girobank, Bank of Nuremburg) dar \u015fi companii importante \u2013 London East India, Dutch East India, Dutch West India, \u015fi \u00een general este o perioad\u0103 de efervescen\u0163\u0103 care premite aurarilor britanici s\u0103 evolueze \u00een bancheri. De altfel certificatele de depozit emise de ace\u015ftia cap\u0103t\u0103, dup\u0103 1600, putere de circula\u0163ie, fiind acceptate \u015fi recunoscute \u00een tranzac\u0163iile comerciale. <\/p>\n
\nPoate un anacronism (pentru acea vreme) sau poate nu: tutunul devine moned\u0103 \u00een Virginia! Tot \u00een coloniile americane mai are loc o premier\u0103, pentru c\u0103 \u00een 1690, Massachusetts Bay emite \u00een mod oficial bani de h\u00e2rtie, folosi\u0163i pentru a-i pl\u0103ti pe solda\u0163ii care au efectuat o expedi\u0163ie \u00een Quebec.
\n\u00cen 1694 \u015fi 1695 sunt fondate Bank of England \u015fi respectiv Bank of Scotland. \u00cen 1698 monedele mai reprezentau mai pu\u0163in de jum\u0103tate din banii afla\u0163i \u00een circula\u0163ie \u00een Anglia, restul fiind h\u00e2rtii de valoare. Au loc \u015fi falimente spectaculoase \u2013 Darien Company \u00een Sco\u0163ia, a c\u0103rei c\u0103dere a gr\u0103bit unirea cu Anglia \u00een 1707, Mississippi Company \u015fi South Sea Company, dou\u0103 companii care au \u00eencercat s\u0103 speculeze bog\u0103\u0163iile Amercii \u015fi ale Indiilor, dar care au e\u015fuat.<\/p>\n
\nBenjamin Franklin nu s-a mul\u0163umit s\u0103 dea lumii paratr\u0103snetul, pentru c\u0103 \u00een 1729 scrie \u201cModest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency\u201d, oper\u0103 care \u00eei asigur\u0103 un contract cu Pennsylvania Land Bank pentru o emisiune de h\u00e2rtii de valoare.<\/p>\n
\nMai t\u00e2rziu, Franklin nu a convins Parlamentul britanic s\u0103 permit\u0103 americanilor s\u0103 folosesc\u0103 banii de h\u00e2rtie. Franklin \u015fi-a g\u0103sit un sus\u0163in\u0103tor \u00een persoana lui Adam Smith, care \u00een \u201cAverea na\u0163iunilor\u201d vorbe\u015fte despre beneficiile banilor de h\u00e2rtie. \u015ei nu numai….<\/p>\n
\nPentru c\u0103 pe b\u0103tr\u00e2nul continent \u00eencepuse revolu\u0163ia industrial\u0103 \u015fi nebunia capitalismului modern: c\u0103i ferate, ma\u015fini cu aburi, fabrici \u015fi nori de fum, revolu\u0163ia american\u0103, crize bancare, dezvolt\u0103ri f\u0103r\u0103 precedent \u015fi e\u015fecuri r\u0103sun\u0103toare, infla\u0163ie \u015fi dispute economice \u015fi politice, totul pe fondul sonor al clinchetului banilor. \u00cen perioada 1860 \u2013 1921, num\u0103rul b\u0103ncilor americane a crescut de 19 ori, ajung\u00e2nd la 30.000.<\/p>\n
\nEconomistul american John Kenneth Galbraith a rezumat secole de dezvoltare monetar\u0103 \u00een c\u00e2teva cuvinte: \u201cBanii sunt o crea\u0163ie unic\u0103. Sunt egali cu dragostea, fiind cea mai mare surs\u0103 de bucurie pentru om. \u015ei sunt egali cu moartea prin grijile pe care le isc\u0103\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Elizabeth I \u00eencepe \u00een 1560 o reform\u0103 monetar\u0103 menit\u0103 s\u0103 cure\u0163e sistemul de multele tipuri de monede care circulau. Ac\u0163iunea s-a derulat sub supravegherea lui Thomas Gresham, care a devenit celebru at\u00e2t printr-o lege (\u201cMoneda rea alung\u0103 din circula\u0163ie moneda bun\u0103\u201d), c\u00e2t \u015fi prin faptul c\u0103 a \u00eentemeiat bursa londonez\u0103 – Royal Exchange. Apar tot […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[586],"tags":[82,7689,201,11056,9863,274,232,242,7251,16610,19981,12817,80],"class_list":["post-113380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arta-si-societate","tag-bani","tag-circulatie","tag-companii","tag-financiar","tag-hartie","tag-incepere","tag-india","tag-istorie","tag-marea-britanie","tag-monede","tag-perioada","tag-reforma","tag-refuz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113380","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=113380"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113380\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=113380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=113380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bm.dev.synology.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=113380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}